超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定水中的丙烯酰胺

将含有丙烯酰胺的水样过滤后加入甲酸酸化,然后直接进样,使用超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定,通过选择离子反应监测,可实现定性和外标法定量分析.该方法测定生活饮用水及其水源水中丙烯酰胺的最低检测浓度为0.15 g/L,对实际样品的加标回收率在92％ ～ 123％,该方法绿色环保、简单方便,且具有较高的灵敏度和较低的检出限.     

Blue carbon in human-dominated estuarine and shallow coastal systems

Estuarine and shallow coastal systems (ESCS) are recognized as not only significant organic carbon reservoirs but also emitters of CO₂ to the atmosphere through air–sea CO₂ gas exchange, thus posing a dilemma on ESCS’s role in climate change mitigation measures. However, some studies have shown that coastal waters take up atmospheric CO₂ (C_atm), although the magnitude and determinants remain unclear. We argue that the phenomenon of net uptake of C_atm by ESCS is not unusual under a given set of terrestrial inputs and geophysical conditions. We assessed the key properties of systems that show the net C_atm uptake and found that they are often characteristic of human-dominated systems: (1) input of high terrestrial nutrients, (2) input of treated wastewater in which labile carbon is highly removed, and (3) presence of hypoxia. We propose that human-dominated ESCS are worthy of investigation as a contributor to climate change mitigation.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱在分析废液晶显示器面板主要元素中的应用

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法对废液晶显示器(TFT-LCD)面板主要元素含量进行了测定。结果表明:(1)在酸体系下回收废TFT-LCD面板中In时,尽管不同酸体系下各元素浓度变化较大,但是主要伴随元素以Al、Fe为主。(2)绝大多数元素测定结果的相对标准偏差低于3%。(3)不同元素加标回收率基本在86%～110%。ICP-AES法具有灵敏度高、检出限较低、多元素同时测定等优点,能满足元素测定误差要求,可有效应用于废TFT-LCD面板中主要元素的测定。     

葡萄藻生物膜贴壁培养处理含钴工业废水与烃类生产的耦合

工业废水污染日趋严重,水体中重金属钴污染因难处理、高危害等问题成为废水净化的关键.传统治理重金属工业废水的方法难以应用.为寻求处理工业废水"绿色生态"可行性路径,本文以葡萄藻Botryococcus braunii SAG 807-1为研究对象,应用贴壁培养技术对含钴工业废水进行处理研究.结果表明,葡萄藻贴壁培养可处理工业废水,4.5 mg·L~(-1)Co~(2+)对葡萄藻生长影响不大,却可以促进长链烃类的合成,提高烃产量.葡萄藻贴壁培养去除Co2+的能力为1 473.9μmol·g~(-1),远高于报道的微藻P.littoralis.本研究为绿色高能燃料烃类的生产与工业废水处理耦合提供理论基础.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

我国中亚热带人工林水热通量对干旱差异响应的模拟研究

季节性干旱现象在我国中亚热带地区时有发生,为了研究该区域大气-生态系统之间的相互作用关系及其碳水收支状况,2002年起在江西省千烟洲（26.7°N,115.1°E）人工林生态系统建立了通量观测塔。2003年7月该人工林生态系统遭遇了历史上少有的高温少雨天气,本研究应用基于生理生态学过程的EALCO（Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observation）模型及2003和2004年通量观测数据对该生态系统的水热通量进行了模拟,同时分析了干旱胁迫对它们产生的影响。结果显示,模型能够很好的模拟该生态系统的能量通量的日变化,净辐射、显热和潜热通量模拟值与实测值相关系数的平方（R2）及标准差分别为0.99和8.05 W.m-2;0.81和41.02 W.m-2;0.90和31.49 W.m-2,模型可以解释87%的日蒸散量的变化。从模拟结果看,2003年7月下旬（发生较严重干旱胁迫）较2004年同期（干旱程度轻）相比,冠层及土壤水势下降约2倍,植物蒸腾的日变化形式改变,根系吸水滞后冠层蒸腾的时间缩短约半小时,冠层导度下降40%～60%。模拟与观测结果均表明,2003年7月下旬每天正午的波文比大都介于1～2.2,而2004年同期正午的波文比则介于0.2～0.6。EALCO模型通过Ball模型将植物碳水过程耦合在一起,从而可以很好的模拟植物的气孔行为,进而准确的模拟植物水热过程对干旱的响应。土壤水分匮乏对冠层导度的限制是2003年干旱期间冠层潜热通量模拟值下降的根本原因。     

硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮条件控制研究

采用全混式厌氧搅拌罐,研究自养条件下,厌氧氨氧化与硫自养反硝化共同存在时,前者对系统中硫酸盐的产生和碱度消耗的影响.投加单质硫颗粒50 g·L~(-1),接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥100 g·L~(-1)(湿重),控制温度35℃±0.5℃,搅拌强度120r·min-1,p H为8.0~8.4.启动硫自养反硝化阶段,进水硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为5.3 h,反应器硝态氮负荷达0.56~0.71 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化反应过程中,添加60 mg·L~(-1)氨氮后,硝态氮负荷仍维持在0.66~0.88kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).反应体系内单位硝酸盐转化产生的硫酸盐Δn(SO~(2-)_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)由1.21±0.06降低至1.01±0.10,Δ(IC)∶Δ(NO~-_3-N)由0.72±0.1降低至0.51±0.11,出水p H值由6.5上升至7.2.序批试实验优化反应条件:在搅拌强度G_T值为22~64 s~(-1),p H值为8.08时,耦合反应Δn(NH~+_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)最高达到0.43,硝酸盐转化速率提升60%,过高搅拌强度(搅拌速度G_T值64 s~(-1))、不适宜的p H值(最适p H值为8.02)环境都会起同步转化效率的降低.     

微波消解-ICP—MS测定土壤和水系沉积物中的重金属

建立了一种采用逆王水和氢氟酸的混合体系微波酸消解土壤与水系沉积物，电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定六种金属元素（As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni）含量的方法。本文研究了消解温度和消解时间对消解效果的影响。结果表明，在190℃下运行25分钟对土壤与水系沉积物中的六种金属元素均具有很好的消解能力，备元素的测定值与标准值相符。在对实际土壤与水系沉积物样品进行分析后得出采样区域的土壤与沉积物中这六种金属含量水平正常。     

双向振动条件下的饱和砂土动强度特性试验研究

利用全自动静动三轴双向耦合剪切仪,分别在均等固结和非均等固结条件下,进行了福建标准砂的动三轴不排水剪切试验,对比分析了轴向振动、径向振动、相位差分别为0°和180°的轴向-径向耦合振动等不同振动方式对饱和砂土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明,无论是均等固结还是非均等固结条件下,只要在最大剪应力面上的动剪应力水平相同,4种剪切方式对动应力-应变关系及动强度的影响都并不显著。     

搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-MIB和土臭素

采用搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素，优化了搅拌棒萃取和热脱附进样的条件。试验表明：两种目标化合物在1．00 ng/L～200 ng/L范围内线性良好，2-甲基异莰醇的相关系数为0．9993，土臭素的相关系数为0．9997，方法检出限分别为0．31 ng/L和0．15 ng/L；空白和实际样品的加标回收率为82．4％～116％，测定结果的RSD＜10％。